Vascular calcification (VC) is an active and
regulated multifactorial process highly relevant in the general population and
particularly in advanced age, atherosclerosis, diabetes and chronic kidney
disease.
Essential steps in the pathological calcification pathway involve vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) osteochondrogenic differentiation, with
up-regulation of bone mineralization-regulatory genes, and spontaneous release
of extracellular vesicles (EVs), resembling developmental bone formation.
Although many aspects concerning the pathogenesis of VC are still unclear,
multiple factors, such as proliferation and differentiation of resident VSMCs,
loss of anticalcific mechanisms, release of calcifying EVs, VSMCs apoptosis,
endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, increased extracellular matrix (ECM)
remodeling, and chronic inflammation, contribute to the development and
progression of calcific lesions. Read more>>>>>>>
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