Wednesday, 7 September 2016

Cardiac Ischemia and Angina Pectoris without Flow-Limiting Coronary Artery Disease (Coronary Syndrome X)

Coronary ischemic disease (CID) is a worldwide frequent pathology with increasing prevalence. Angina pectoris (AP) is a cardinal symptom of CID. Typical AP meets all of the following criteria: retrosternal chest discomfort of characteristic quality and duration; provoked by exertional or emotional stress; is relieved by rest and/or nitrates within minutes.
It was stated that ‘no patient with AP failed to show occlusion in at least one of the major coronary arteries’ and flow-limiting coronary artery disease (CAD) causing ischemia was accepted as the cause of AP. However, this assumption is not unconditional because AP may also occur in other diseases, such as e.g. hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, severe aortic stenosis, profound anemia, and carboxy hemoglobin intoxication.
In 1967 two papers described patients with typical AP and sometimes dyspnea and neurovegetative symptoms (e.g. perspiration, tachycardia and dizziness) without epicardial CAD (CAD). This cardiac pathology is usually called cardiac 
syndrome X (CSX) and is not rare.

Cardiac Ischemia


Case Report
A 53-year old Caucasian woman had stable typical AP which was questionably relieved by sublingual nitroglycerin. Her father died at the age of 55 years because of acute myocardial infarction. The patient had no other cardiovascular risk factors. The resting ECG showed ischemic changes. Plasma levels of troponin, measured during and several hours after episodes of AP, were not increased. Echocardiography detected only a moderately impaired left ventricular relaxation.  Read more..............

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